Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)

Adhesive capsulitis, commonly known as frozen shoulder, is a condition characterised by pain and progressive stiffness of the shoulder joint. It occurs when the joint capsule becomes inflamed and thickened, leading to restricted movement and difficulty using the arm.

Frozen shoulder often develops gradually and can occur without a clear injury, though it may follow shoulder trauma, surgery, or a period of reduced movement. It is more common in people aged 40–60 and in those with certain medical conditions, such as diabetes or thyroid disorders.

The condition typically progresses through three stages:

• Freezing stage – increasing pain and gradual loss of shoulder movement
   
• Frozen stage – pain may settle, but stiffness and functional limitation persist
   
• Thawing stage – gradual improvement in movement and function
   

Common symptoms include deep shoulder pain, night pain, marked stiffness, and difficulty with activities such as dressing, reaching overhead, or placing the arm behind the back.

Physiotherapy plays an important role in managing adhesive capsulitis and focuses on:

• Managing pain and maintaining as much movement as possible
   
• Improving shoulder mobility within tolerance
   
• Restoring strength and function as movement returns
   
• Providing education and reassurance throughout the recovery process